This research examines sodium removability from agricultural wastewater using sugarcane bagasse sorbents, which helps ease the pressure on water resources during droughts. The biochar was produced in an electric furnace, activated with KOH, microwave-heated, and magnetized using a 2:1 ratio of Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate to Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate. Three KOH-to-biochar ratios, microwave powers, and activation times were used, while sodium concentrations in wastewater samples were adjusted to 2, 4, and 8 g/l with sodium nitrate. Results indicated that higher initial sodium concentrations improved removability. Activated nano biochar achieved 74.4% more sodium removal than non-nano biochar on average. Magnetization reduced sodium removal by an average of 18.8%, with reductions ranging from 10.9% to 31.6%. The activated nano biochar's removability was 1.6 times greater than that of the non-activated version, and magnetization decreased efficiency by 20%. The highest sodium removal occurred at a 3:1 activator-to-biochar ratio during the 200 and 400 W treatments, achieving maximum removability of 61.4% for activated nano biochar and 58.3% for the magnetized version.

Lanthanum hydroxide (La(OH)3) nanostructures, including elliptical nanoparticles, octahedral rods and irregular nanoparticles were prepared chemically in NaOH and KOH solutions with 10 M concentration. The obtained powders were characterized with XRD, SEM, TEM and DTA. Crystallinities, morphologies and thermal behavior of the obtained nanostructure powders were investigated under the influence of above mentioned solvents. The effect of chemical's temperature was also determined in one of the solvents (i.e. NaOH). The formation of growth in nanostructure mechanism under the influence of alkali solutions (i.e., KOH and NaOH) have been discussed considerably in this paper.

The transesterification of Amygdalus scoparia oil to biodiesel was performed and examined through the electrolysis method in the presence of KOH/Al2O3 as a heterogeneous catalyst at room temperature. A KOH/Al2O3 as solid base catalyst was prepared through the impregnation of Al2O3 with KOH solution (concentration of 25g in 100 mL deionized water). The catalyst was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The transesterification key variables such as reaction time, methanol to oil molar ratio, and catalyst weight were optimized by applying the central composite design (CCD) approach. The maximum yield of 94% was obtained at the methanol to oil ratio of 10:1, catalyst weight of 1.6 wt/v%, voltage of 10 V, a reaction time of 2.30 h, 10 wt% acetone at room temperature (25 ᵒC). The characterizations of Amygdalus scoparia oil and biodiesel were specified using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses.